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International Journal of Cross Cultural Management
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Job Formalization and Cultural Individualism as Barriers to Trust in Management

Xu Huang

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Evert Van de Vliert

University of Groningen, The Netherlands

The aim of this study was to identify some structural and cultural barriers to employees' trust in management. Multilevel analyses of data from 160,577 employees in 46 countries suggested that job formalization is negatively associated with trust in management, especially in individualistic countries, and that this relationship is mediated by less open employee–management communication. By contrast, in collectivistic countries no strong link was found between job formalization and both trust and open communication.

Key Words: individualism • job formalization • open communication • trust

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, 221-242 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1470595806066331
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